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The fast nanotechnology advancements in recent years resulted in the development of numerous nanomaterials, which often possess complex structures and surface functionalization1,2,3. Biomedical applications (for example, imaging, diagnosis, drug delivery, etc.) of functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are steadily increasing1,2,3,4. Due to small particle size and their large surface area, NPs possess chemical and physical properties that cannot be achieved by the corresponding bulk materials5.